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Movements in various forms of fine art and blueprint

Minimalism

Top: Untitled, by Donald Judd, physical sculpture, 1991, State of israel Museum Centre: The SANAA Edifice [de] Essen, Germany, 2005–2006, past SANAA Lesser: House no. 4A on Strada Dimitrie Racoviță, Bucharest, Romania, probably late 2010s, unknown architect
Years active	1960s–present

In visual arts, music, and other media, minimalism is an fine art movement that began in mail–World State of war II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Donald Judd, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, Robert Morris, Anne Truitt, and Frank Stella.^{[one] [2]} The move is often interpreted equally a reaction confronting abstract expressionism and modernism; it anticipated contemporary postminimal art practices, which extend or reflect on minimalism's original objectives.

Minimalism in music often features repetition and gradual variation, such as the works of La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Julius Eastman, and John Adams. The term minimalist frequently colloquially refers to annihilation that is spare or stripped to its essentials. It has accordingly been used to describe the plays and novels of Samuel Beckett, the films of Robert Bresson, the stories of Raymond Carver, and the automobile designs of Colin Chapman. The word was first used in English in the early on 20th century to describe a 1915 limerick by the Russian painter Kasimir Malevich, Black Square.^[3]

Visual arts [edit]

Minimalism in visual art, generally referred to equally "minimal fine art", "literalist art"^[iv] and "ABC Fine art",^[5] emerged in New York in the early 1960s as new and older artists moved toward geometric brainchild; exploring via painting in the cases of Nassos Daphnis, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Al Held, Ellsworth Kelly, Robert Ryman and others; and sculpture in the works of various artists including David Smith and Anthony Caro. Judd's sculpture was showcased in 1964 at Green Gallery in Manhattan, every bit were Flavin's showtime fluorescent calorie-free works, while other leading Manhattan galleries like Leo Castelli Gallery and Pace Gallery likewise began to showcase artists focused on geometric brainchild.

In a more than wide and general sense, one finds European roots of minimalism in the geometric abstractions of painters associated with the Bauhaus, in the works of Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian and other artists associated with the De Stijl movement, and the Russian Constructivist movement, and in the piece of work of the Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncuși.^{[6] [7]}

Minimal art is also inspired in role by the paintings of Barnett Newman, Advertisement Reinhardt, Josef Albers, and the works of artists every bit various equally Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, Giorgio Morandi, and others. Minimalism was besides a reaction against the painterly subjectivity of Abstract Expressionism that had been dominant in the New York Schoolhouse during the 1940s and 1950s.^[8]

Yves Klein had painted monochromes as early as 1949, and held the outset private exhibition of this work in 1950—but his starting time public showing was the publication of the Creative person'due south book Yves: Peintures in November 1954.^{[9] [10]}

Design, architecture, and spaces [edit]

The term minimalism is also used to describe a tendency in pattern and architecture, wherein the subject is reduced to its necessary elements.^{[ commendation needed ]} Minimalist architectural designers focus on the connection betwixt two perfect planes, elegant lighting, and the void spaces left by the removal of 3-dimensional shapes in an architectural design.^{[ according to whom? ] [ citation needed ]} Minimalist architecture became popular in the belatedly 1980s in London and New York,^[eleven] where architects and mode designers worked together in the boutiques to achieve simplicity, using white elements, cold lighting, and large space with minimum objects and furniture.

Minimalistic blueprint has been highly influenced by Japanese traditional design and compages.^{[ citation needed ]} The works of De Stijl artists are a major reference: De Stijl expanded the ideas of expression by meticulously organizing bones elements such as lines and planes.^{[ citation needed ]} With regard to home design, more attractive "minimalistic" designs are not truly minimalistic because they are larger, and employ more expensive edifice materials and finishes.^{[ commendation needed ]}

At that place are observers who draw the emergence of minimalism as a response to the brashness and chaos of urban life. In Nippon, for instance, minimalist architecture began to gain traction in the 1980s when its cities experienced rapid expansion and booming population. The design was considered an antidote to the "overpowering presence of traffic, advertising, jumbled building scales, and imposing roadways."^[12] The chaotic environment was not only driven by urbanization, industrialization, and technology just also the Japanese experience of constantly having to demolish structures on business relationship of the devastation wrought past World War II and the earthquakes, including the calamities information technology entails such as burn down. The minimalist design philosophy did not arrive in Japan past manner of another state as it was already part of the Japanese culture rooted on the Zen philosophy. At that place are those who specifically attribute the design movement to Nihon's spirituality and view of nature.^[xiii]

Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969) adopted the motto "Less is more" to describe his aesthetic.^[a] His tactic was i of arranging the necessary components of a building to create an impression of farthermost simplicity—he enlisted every element and detail to serve multiple visual and functional purposes; for instance, designing a floor to as well serve equally the radiator, or a massive fireplace to besides house the bath. Designer Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983) adopted the engineer's goal of "Doing more with less", but his concerns were oriented toward engineering science and technology rather than aesthetics.^[fourteen]

Concepts and design elements [edit]

The concept of minimalist architecture is to strip everything down to its essential quality and achieve simplicity.^[fifteen] The idea is not completely without ornamentation,^[16] but that all parts, details, and joinery are considered as reduced to a stage where no one can remove anything further to meliorate the design.^[17]

The considerations for 'essences' are light, form, detail of fabric, space, place, and human being condition.^[18] Minimalist architects non only consider the physical qualities of the building. They consider the spiritual dimension and the invisible, past listening to the figure and paying attending to details, people, space, nature, and materials.,^[19] believing this reveals the abstract quality of something that is invisible and aids the search for the essence of those invisible qualities—such equally natural light, sky, earth, and air. In addition, they "open up a dialogue" with the surrounding environment to decide the nearly essential materials for the construction and create relationships between buildings and sites.^[sixteen]

In minimalist compages, design elements strive to convey the bulletin of simplicity. The basic geometric forms, elements without ornament, elementary materials and the repetitions of structures correspond a sense of order and essential quality.^[20] The motility of natural light in buildings reveals unproblematic and make clean spaces.^[eighteen] In the belatedly 19th century as the arts and crafts motility became popular in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, people valued the attitude of 'truth to materials' with respect to the profound and innate characteristics of materials.^[21] Minimalist architects humbly 'listen to effigy,' seeking essence and simplicity by rediscovering the valuable qualities in uncomplicated and common materials.^[xix]

Influences from Japanese tradition [edit]

Ryōan-ji dry garden. The clay wall, which is stained by age with subtle dark-brown and orange tones, reflects "wabi" and the stone garden "sabi", together reflecting the Japanese worldview or aesthetic of "wabi-sabi".^[22]

The idea of simplicity appears in many cultures, peculiarly the Japanese traditional civilization of Zen Philosophy. Japanese manipulate the Zen culture into artful and blueprint elements for their buildings.^[23] This idea of architecture has influenced Western Society, specially in America since the mid 18th century.^[24] Moreover, it inspired the minimalist architecture in the 19th century.^[17]

Zen concepts of simplicity transmit the ideas of freedom and essence of living.^[17] Simplicity is not only aesthetic value, it has a moral perception that looks into the nature of truth and reveals the inner qualities and essence of materials and objects.^[25] For instance, the sand garden in Ryoanji temple demonstrates the concepts of simplicity and the essentiality from the considered setting of a few stones and a huge empty infinite.^[26]

The Japanese aesthetic principle of Ma refers to empty or open space. It removes all the unnecessary internal walls and opens up the infinite. The emptiness of spatial arrangement reduces everything downward to the most essential quality.^[27]

The Japanese aesthetic of wabi-sabi values the quality of simple and plain objects.^[28] It appreciates the absence of unnecessary features, treasures a life in quietness and aims to reveal the innate graphic symbol of materials.^[29] For example, the Japanese floral art, also known as Ikebana, has the central principle of letting the bloom limited itself. People cut off the branches, leaves and blossoms from the plants and only retain the essential part of the plant. This conveys the idea of essential quality and innate character in nature.^[30]

Minimalist architects and their works [edit]

The Japanese minimalist architect Tadao Ando conveys the Japanese traditional spirit and his own perception of nature in his works. His design concepts are materials, pure geometry and nature. He commonly uses concrete or natural wood and basic structural form to achieve austerity and rays of light in space. He also sets upward dialogue betwixt the site and nature to create relationship and guild with the buildings.^[31] Ando's works and the translation of Japanese aesthetic principles are highly influential on Japanese architecture.^[thirteen]

Some other Japanese minimalist architect, Kazuyo Sejima, works on her own and in conjunction with Ryue Nishizawa, as SANAA, producing iconic Japanese Minimalist buildings. Credited with creating and influencing a particular genre of Japanese Minimalism,^[32] Sejimas fragile, intelligent designs may use white colour, thin structure sections and transparent elements to create the astounding building blazon often associated with minimalism. Works include New Museum (2010) New York City, Modest Firm (2000) Tokyo, Business firm surrounded Past Plum Trees (2003) Tokyo.

In Vitra Briefing Pavilion, Weil am Rhein, 1993, the concepts are to join the relationships betwixt edifice, human movement, site and nature. Which as one primary indicate of minimalism ideology that establish dialogue between the edifice and site. The edifice uses the simple forms of circle and rectangle to dissimilarity the filled and void space of the interior and nature. In the foyer, at that place is a large landscape window that looks out to the exterior. This achieves the simple and silence of architecture and enhances the light, wind, time and nature in space.^[33]

John Pawson is a British minimalist architect; his design concepts are soul, light, and guild. He believes that though reduced clutter and simplification of the interior to a bespeak that gets beyond the idea of essential quality, there is a sense of clarity and richness of simplicity instead of emptiness. The materials in his design reveal the perception toward space, surface, and volume. Moreover, he likes to use natural materials considering of their aliveness, sense of depth and quality of an individual. He is besides attracted by the important influences from Japanese Zen Philosophy.^[34]

Calvin Klein Madison Avenue, New York, 1995–96, is a boutique that conveys Calvin Klein's ideas of fashion. John Pawson's interior design concepts for this project are to create elementary, peaceful and orderly spatial arrangements. He used stone floors and white walls to achieve simplicity and harmony for space. He also emphasises reduction and eliminates the visual distortions, such as the ac and lamps to achieve a sense of purity for interior.^[35]

Alberto Campo Baeza is a Spanish architect and describes his work equally essential architecture. He values the concepts of light, thought and space. Light is essential and achieves the relationship between inhabitants and the building. Ideas are to run into the function and context of space, forms, and construction. Space is shaped by the minimal geometric forms to avert decoration that is not essential.^[36]

Literature [edit]

Literary minimalism is characterized by an economy with words and a focus on surface description. Minimalist writers eschew adverbs and prefer allowing context to dictate meaning. Readers are expected to take an active role in creating the story, to "choose sides" based on oblique hints and innuendo, rather than react to directions from the author.^{[ citation needed ]}

Some 1940s-era crime fiction of writers such every bit James M. Cain and Jim Thompson adopted a stripped-down, matter-of-fact prose way to considerable effect; some^{[ who? ]} allocate this prose style as minimalism.

Another strand of literary minimalism arose in response to the metafiction tendency of the 1960s and early 1970s (John Barth, Robert Coover, and William H. Gass). These writers were also sparse with prose and kept a psychological distance from their subject matter.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Minimalist writers, or those who are identified with minimalism during certain periods of their writing careers, include the following: Raymond Carver,^[37] Ann Beattie, Bret Easton Ellis, Charles Bukowski, Ernest Hemingway, K. J. Stevens, Amy Hempel, Bobbie Ann Mason, Tobias Wolff, Grace Paley, Sandra Cisneros, Mary Robison, Frederick Barthelme, Richard Ford, Patrick Kingdom of the netherlands, Cormac McCarthy, and Alicia Erian.^{[ citation needed ]}

American poets such as Stephen Crane, William Carlos Williams, early on Ezra Pound, Robert Creeley, Robert Grenier, and Aram Saroyan are sometimes identified with their minimalist fashion. The term "minimalism" is as well sometimes associated with the briefest of poetic genres, haiku, which originated in Japan, but has been domesticated in English literature past poets such every bit Nick Virgilio, Raymond Roseliep, and George Swede.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Irish writer Samuel Beckett is well known for his minimalist plays and prose, as is the Norwegian author Jon Fosse.^[38]

Dimitris Lyacos's With the People from the Bridge, combining elliptical monologues with a pared-downward prose narrative is a contemporary example of minimalist playwrighting.^{[39] [twoscore]}

In his novel The Easy Chain, Evan Dara includes a lx-folio section written in the style of musical minimalism, in particular inspired by composer Steve Reich. Intending to represent the psychological state (agitation) of the novel's main character, the section's successive lines of text are congenital on repetitive and developing phrases.^{[ citation needed ]}

Music [edit]

The term "minimal music" was derived around 1970 by Michael Nyman from the concept of minimalism, which was earlier applied to the visual arts.^{[41] [42]} More precisely, information technology was in a 1968 review in The Spectator that Nyman first used the term, to draw a x-minute pianoforte composition by the Danish composer Henning Christiansen, along with several other unnamed pieces played by Charlotte Moorman and Nam June Paik at the Establish of Contemporary Arts in London.^[43]

However, the roots of minimal music are older. In France between 1947 and 1948,^[44] Yves Klein conceived his Monotone Symphony (1949, formally The Monotone-Silence Symphony) that consisted of a single 20-minute sustained chord followed by a 20-minute silence^{[45] [46]} – a precedent to both La Monte Young's drone music and John Muzzle's 4′33″.

Motion picture and movie theatre [edit]

In film, minimalism commonly is associated with filmmakers such as Robert Bresson, Carl Theodor Dreyer, and Yasujirō Ozu. Their films typically tell a unproblematic story with straightforward camera usage and minimal use of score. Paul Schrader named their kind of movie theatre: "transcendental cinema".^[47] In the present, a commitment to minimalist filmmaking tin can be seen in depression-upkeep film movements such as Dogme 95 and mumblecore. Abbas Kiarostami^[48] and Elia Suleiman are besides considered creators of minimalistic films.^[49]

The Minimalists – Joshua Fields Millburn, Ryan Nicodemus, and Matt D'Avella – directed and produced the film Minimalism: A Documentary,^[50] which showcased the idea of minimal living in the modern world.

Software and UI design [edit]

In software and user interface pattern, minimalism describes the usage of fewer design elements, apartment design, fewer options and features, and tendentially less occupied screen space.

Examples [edit]

Milky way S6

One example is the user interface of the Samsung Milky way S6,^[51] where many options and items from menus and settings were pruned.

Samsung 2015 stand-by carte

The update to Android Lollipop removed the shortcuts to "Silent", "Vibration only", and "Audio on" in the stand-by menu.^[52]

iOS 7 and Android Lollipop update

The Android Lollipop update (tardily 2014–2015) applied to both stock Android and TouchWiz UI devices changes the appearance of the user interface, especially the setting menus^[53] of which the use of icons, border lines, edges, and contrast elements have been reduced to a minimum. Furthermore, the remaining icons have go less skeumorphistic and more abstract, adapting to apartment design language. The density of the elements on the user interface has decreased. There is more than whitespace, or unoccupied screen space. Similar changes happened with the update from iOS half-dozen to iOS vii.

Context menu icons

In 2014, the icons from context menus of Samsung's TouchWiz applications (Samsung Gallery, S Browser, phone app, etc.) were pruned.

Unavailable options

Prior to Samsung'due south TouchWiz Nature UX 3.0, menu options that are currently unavailable (eastward.g. "Search for text in page" in the Internet browser during a page load) were shown, but grayed out, which has the advantage of informing the user about their existence but that the selection is unavailable. Since so, unavailable options are hidden completely, which makes the context menu occupy less screen space, but it might crusade the user to not realize immediately that the feature is unavailable.

Browser's URL bar merely shows domain name

Started in Safari browser for iOS and adapted past Samsung's "S Browser",^[55] some browsers only show the domain name instead of the full URL, fifty-fifty if there is spare space in the URL bar.

Instagram website redesign

In June 2015, the layout of Instagram'south website was fully redesigned to resemble the mobile application and mobile website, pruning many user interface elements, for example, the slideshow banner.

Skype blueprint overhaul

Another case is the Skype redesign^{[ when? ]}, where many icons from context menus were removed, colour gradients were replaced with flat colors, and the density of user interface elements was decreased.

In other fields [edit]

Cooking [edit]

Breaking from the complex, hearty dishes established as orthodox haute cuisine, nouvelle cuisine was a culinary movement that consciously drew from minimalism and conceptualism. It emphasized more than basic flavors, careful presentation, and a less involved preparation process. The move was mainly in faddy during the 1960s and 1970s, afterward which it once more gave way to more traditional haute cuisine, retroactively titled cuisine classique. However, the influence of nouvelle cuisine can yet exist felt through the techniques it introduced.^[56]

Style [edit]

The capsule wardrobe is an instance of minimalism in fashion. Constructed of simply a few staple pieces that exercise not become out of way, and generally dominated by only one or ii colors, capsule wardrobes are meant to be lite, flexible and adjustable, and tin can be paired with seasonal pieces when the situation calls for them.^[57] The modern idea of a capsule wardrobe dates back to the 1970s, and is credited to London boutique possessor Susie Simulated. The concept was further popularized in the next decade past American fashion designer Donna Karan, who designed a seminal drove of sheathing workwear pieces in 1985.^[58]

Science communication [edit]

To portray global warming to not-scientists, in 2018 British climate scientist Ed Hawkins adult warming stripes graphics that are deliberately devoid of scientific or technical indicia.^[60] Hawkins explained that "our visual organisation volition exercise the interpretation of the stripes without united states even thinking about information technology".^[61]

Warming stripe graphics resemble color field paintings in stripping out all distractions and using only color to convey meaning.^[62] Colour field pioneer artist Barnett Newman said he was "creating images whose reality is self-evident", an ethos that Hawkins is said to have applied to the trouble of climate change and leading i commentator to remark that the graphics are "fit for the Museum of Modernistic Art or the Getty."^[62]

Meet also [edit]

• Ceremonial (art)
• Kiss principle
• Lyrical abstraction
• Neo-minimalism
• Maximalism
• Minimalism (computing)
• Simple living
• Listing of minimalist artists

Notes and references [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ See Johnson 1947. A like sentiment was conveyed by industrial designer Dieter Rams' motto, "Less only amend."

References [edit]

1. ^ "Christopher Want, Minimalism, Grove Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2009". Moma.org. Retrieved 2014-06-27 .
2. ^ "Minimalism". theartstory.org. 2012.
3. ^ "Minimalism". Encyclopædia Britannica.
4. ^ Fried, Michael (June 1967). "Art and Objecthood". Artforum. Vol. 5. pp. 12–23. Reprinted: "Art and Objecthood". Art and Objecthood: Essays and Reviews. University of Chicago Press. 1998. pp. 148–172. ISBN0-226-26318-5.
5. ^ Rose, Barbara. "ABC Fine art", Art in America 53, no. five (October–November 1965): 57–69.
6. ^ "Maureen Mullarkey, Art Critical, Giorgio Morandi". Artcritical.com. October 2004. Retrieved 2014-06-27 .
7. ^ Marzona, Daniel (2004). Daniel Marzona, Uta Grosenick; Minimal art, p.12. ISBN9783822830604 . Retrieved 2014-06-27 .
8. ^ Battcock, Gregory (three August 1995). Gregory Battcock, Minimal Art: a critical album, pp 161–172. ISBN9780520201477 . Retrieved 2014-06-27 .
9. ^ Hannah Weitemeier, Yves Klein, 1928–1962: International Klein Blue, Original-Ausgabe (Cologne: Taschen, 1994), 15. ISBN three-8228-8950-4.
10. ^ "Restoring the Immaterial: Study and Treatment of Yves Klein'south Blueish Monochrome (IKB42)". Modernistic Paint Uncovered.
11. ^ Cerver 1997, pp. 8–11.
12. ^ Ostwald, Michael; Vaughan, Josephine (2016). The Fractal Dimension of Architecture. Mathematics and the Built Environment. Cham, Switzerland: Birkhäuser; Springer International Publishing. p. 316. ISBN9783319324241.
13. ^ ^{a b} Cerver 1997, p. 13.
14. ^ Johnson 1947, p. 49.
15. ^ Bertoni 2002, p. x.
16. ^ ^{a b} Rossell 2005, p. vi
17. ^ ^{a b c} Pawson 1996, p. 7
18. ^ ^{a b} Bertoni 2002, pp. xv–xvi
19. ^ ^{a b} Bertoni 2002, p. 21
20. ^ Pawson 1996, p. 8.
21. ^ Saito 2007, pp. 87–88.
22. ^ 森神逍遥 『侘び然び幽玄のこころ』桜の花出版、2015年 Morigami Shouyo, " Wabi sabi yugen no kokoro: seiyo tetsugaku o koeru joi ishiki " (Japanese) ISBN 978-4434201424
23. ^ Saito 2007, pp. 85–97.
24. ^ Lancaster 1953, pp. 217–224.
25. ^ Saito 2007, p. 87.
26. ^ Pawson 1996, p. 98.
27. ^ Bertoni 2002, p. 23.
28. ^ Saito 2007, p. 85.
29. ^ Pawson 1996, pp. x–11.
30. ^ Saito 2007, p. 86.
31. ^ Bertoni 2002, pp. 96–106.
32. ^ Puglisi, L. P. (2008), New Directions in Contermporary Compages, Chichester, John Wiley and Sons.
33. ^ Cerver 1997, pp. xviii–29.
34. ^ Pawson 1996, pp. 10–xiv.
35. ^ Cerver 1997, pp. 170–177.
36. ^ Bertoni 2002, p. 182.
37. ^ Wiegand, David (2009-12-nineteen). "Serendipitous stay led writer to Raymond Carver". San Francisco Relate . Retrieved 2022-03-31 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
38. ^ Davies, Paul. "Samuel Beckett". Literary Encyclopedia . Retrieved ii Dec 2016.
39. ^ "From the Ruins of Europe: Lyacos'southward Debt-Riddled Hellenic republic" by Joseph Labernik, Tikkun, 21 August 2015
40. ^ "The Commonline Journal: Review of Dimitris Lyacos'south With the People from the Bridge | Editor Notation by Ada Fetters". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine ^{[ dead link ]}
41. ^ Bernard, Jonathan Due west. (Winter 1993). "The Minimalist Aesthetic in the Plastic Arts and in Music". Perspectives of New Music. 31 (one): 87. doi:10.2307/833043. JSTOR 833043. , citing Dan Warburton as his say-so.
42. ^ Warburton, Dan. "A Working Terminology for Minimal Music". Retrieved xi Jan 2014.
43. ^ Nyman, Michael (11 October 1968). "Minimal Music". The Spectator. Vol. 221, no. 7320. pp. 518–519 (519).
44. ^ "Yves Klein (1928–1962)". documents/biography. Yves Klein Archives & McDourduff. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
45. ^ Gilbert Perlein & Bruno Corà (eds) & al., Yves Klein: Long Live the Immaterial! ("An anthological retrospective", catalog of an exhibition held in 2000), New York: Delano Greenidge, 2000, ISBN 978-0-929445-08-3, p. 226: "This symphony, 40 minutes in length (in fact 20 minutes followed past xx minutes of silence) is constituted of a unmarried 'sound' stretched out, deprived of its attack and terminate which creates a sensation of vertigo, whirling the sensibility exterior fourth dimension."
46. ^ See also at YvesKleinArchives.org a 1998 sound extract of The Monotone Symphony Archived 2008-12-08 at the Wayback Automobile (Wink plugin required), its curt description Archived 2008-10-28 at the Wayback Automobile, and Klein's "Chelsea Hotel Manifesto" Archived 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Automobile (including a summary of the 2-part Symphony).
47. ^ Paul Schrader on Revisiting Transcendental Way in Film. 2017 Toronto International Film Festival – via YouTube.
48. ^ "Taste of Red | Cinematheque". Cleveland Institute of Art. September 2016. Retrieved 2022-01-14 .
49. ^ Gautaman Bhaskaran (2019-ten-23). "Information technology Must Be Heaven: Elia Suleiman'due south sardonic have on the world". Arab News . Retrieved 2022-01-xiv .
50. ^ "Films past The Minimalists". The Minimalists . Retrieved 2019-04-09 .
51. ^ Hyun Yeul Lee's speech on Samsung Galaxy Unpacked 2015 – Episode 1 (2015-03-01). Notice the excessive usage of marketing buzzwords
52. ^ Samsung stand-by card before and since Android 5.
53. ^ Screenshot of Samsung Galaxy S4 settings menu with Android iv.four.2 (before update) and Android v.0 (subsequently update), reducing border lines and using more abstract icons rather than skeumorphs.
54. ^ Samsung's chromium-based Internet browser (Google Play shop: "com.sec.android.app.sbrowser").
55. ^ Mennel, Stephan. All Manners of Nutrient: eating and taste in England and France from the Centre Ages to the present. 2d ed., (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 163-164.
56. ^ Susie, False. "Capsule Wardrobe". Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
57. ^ "Donna Karan". voguepedia. Vogue. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved six April 2012.
58. ^ Data: "Land + Ocean (1850 – Contempo) / Monthly Global Average Temperature (almanac summary)". Berkeley Globe. 2019. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
59. ^ Kahn, Brian (June 17, 2019). "This Hitting Climate Modify Visualization Is Now Customizable for Any Place on Earth". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
60. ^ Staff, Science AF (May 25, 2018). "This Has Got to Be Ane of The Virtually Cute And Powerful Climate Modify Visuals We've Always Seen". Science Alert. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019.
61. ^ ^{a b} Kahn, Brian (May 25, 2018). "This Climate Visualization Belongs in a Damn Museum". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019.

Sources [edit]

• Bertoni, Franco (2002). Minimalist Compages, edited by Franco Cantini, translated from the Italian by Lucinda Byatt and from the Castilian past Paul Hammond. Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser. ISBN iii-7643-6642-7.
• Cerver, Francisco Asencio (1997). The Compages of Minimalism. New York: Arco. ISBN0-8230-6149-3.
• Johnson, Philip (1947). Mies van der Rohe. Museum of Mod Art.
• Lancaster, Clay (September 1953). "Japanese Buildings in the U.s.a. before 1900: Their Influence upon American Domestic Architecture". The Art Bulletin. 35 (3): 217–224. doi:ten.1080/00043079.1953.11408188.
• Pawson, John (1996). Minimum. London, England: Phaidon Printing. ISBN0-7148-3262-6.
• Rossell, Quim (2005). Minimalist Interiors. New York: Collins Pattern. ISBN0-688-17487-6.
• Saito, Yuriko (Winter 2007). "The Moral Dimension of Japanese Aesthetics". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 65 (one): 85–97. doi:10.1111/j.1540-594X.2007.00240.ten.

Further reading [edit]

• Chayka, Kyle (2020). The Longing for Less: Living with Minimalism. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN9781635572100.
• Keenan, David, and Michael Nyman (4 February 2001). "Claim to Frame". Sunday Herald

External links [edit]

• Media related to Minimalism at Wikimedia Commons
• Agence Photographique de la Réunion des musées nationaux et du One thousand Palais des Champs-Elysées
• "A Brusk History of Minimalism—Donald Judd, Richard Wollheim, and the origins of what we now describe as minimalist" By Kyle Chayka January fourteen, 2020 The Nation

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism

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